When money comes out of equity markets it typically goes into (the relative safety) of fixed-income markets. The flight to safety (historically) is generally into G7 debt markets and the strongest and larger economies of the US, Germany, and Japan. Switzerland, not an official G-20 member, but its independent currency outside the EU makes it a special case in capital flows. In terms of sheer size, the US and Japan are by far the largest debt markets with Germany and UK also significant. Canada, is relatively small by comparison and is not large enough to handle global flows.

Here is the list of the 10-year note rates today and my expectation for yields at the trough of the next recession. Basically, we should see recent low yields hit again and possible slightly lower in Europe and Japan with the most room for yields to fall in the highest yielding debt market with the highest quality in the US. Canada yields will also fall, but probably less than in the US.

Inflation rates in most countries are higher than both short-term and long-term interest rates, which tells us that fixed-income markets offer a negative real return (the return you get after inflation erodes your purchasing power). While bonds are a terrible investment for this fact alone, money still moves into safer assets when risk factors increase. Gold becomes particularly attractive the lower yields go.

This next flow of funds out of equities and into bonds likely requires a notable hit to consumer confidence, which is the last leg of recession fears and that is job losses. We have Y/Y recessions in industrial production, trade and housing, but consumption (both personal and government) remains strong. More fiscal spending can mitigate a downturn, but the economic stress on Main Street does not build until job losses start. The quality of job growth over the past year (in the US) has seen a notable decline, but overall more jobs are being added and incomes are still rising at a higher rate than inflation, which is a good sign.

We expect a big push in the coming years to a bit less focus on monetary policy (targeted interest rate movements) and more emphasis on fiscal policy (deficit spending) to boost economies. The trouble with that is while an increase in debt levels can boost growth, it will NOT likely change behaviours of consumers that increasingly feel the stress of personal debt burdens and stagnating incomes.

Governmental balance sheets are in very bad shape in most countries (though Canada is a bit better than most federally, not provincially). So at the cost to future generations, fiscal policies are likely to be ramped up globally to boost growth. The additional debt levels can theoretically put upward pressure on interest rates to be sure. The question will be can economies handle higher rates, which would serve to hurt growth as debt burdens grow. Bottom line, central banks will likely be forced to monetize debt as the only option in the coming years/decades. Natural growth rates of population and productivity are challenged given current and expected demographic trends.

Governments should be focusing policies and investment on increased productivity measures that can improve natural growth rates rather than even more credit fueled growth that monetary policies tend to do. Japan has been the leading indicator of debt and demographic growth challenges and what has not worked. This falling rate trend is not over, not even close.

Japan 10-year Yields

The median age of a Japanese citizen is estimated at 46.7 years old (I’ve seen estimates closer to 49). In Canada, we are 40.5 on average. Germany is 45.9 years old and China is 37 and the US is 37.7. India is 27.1, Nigeria is 17.9 and Pakistan is 22. Most of the developed world is closer to 40 and most of the emerging world is closer to 20. You can look up some of these estimates here. The estimate world population is 7.7 billion and about with 120 million births and 50 million deaths this year. So the global growth rate is about 0.9% with productivity (output per unit of labour) about 0.6% for a natural growth rate of about 1.5%. Higher growth rates come from credit expansion (READ MORE DEBT) or increases in population or productivity. This natural growth rate is less than half of what it was after WWII where both population and productivity growth rates were much higher. The real GDP growth rate of 3%+ is financed by increased DEBT.

One example of the growth and productivity hurdle is clear. It is estimated that the retirement age in Japan may need to go to 77 to be able to maintain a worker to retiree ratio or 17 million young working age immigrants will be needed by 2050. This is a toxic outlook for growth. Low interest rates and more spending can only do so much when you are fundamentally shrinking with falling productivity. But low rates are required due to the massive existing debt and adding to is WILL NOT HELP EITHER.

Less desirable industries, such as agriculture and construction, are more threatened than others. The average farmer in Japan is 70 years old and about a third of construction workers are 55 or older. Only one in ten are younger than 30. These structural problems with demographics are most acute in Japan. Immigration is an important social issue today and it will only intensify in the years ahead as older economies in the developed world seek higher growth rates.

The decline in working-aged cohorts may lead to a shrinking economy if productivity does not increase faster than the rate of Japan’s decreasing workforce. The OECD (2000) study estimated that similar labor shortages in Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Sweden will depress the European Union’s economic growth by 0.4 percentage points annually from 2000 to 2025, after which shortages will cost the EU 0.9 percentage points in growth. In Japan labor shortages will lower growth by 0.7 percentage points annually until 2025, after which Japan will also experience a 0.9 percentage points loss in growth.

We are in the closing stretch of my current roadshow (Fixing Fixed-Income). Bond yields are likely to remain low for many reasons, one of which are global demographics and the other is the massive existing debt burden. As we age, we need our money to last longer and low real interest rates are a huge tax on incomes. And while rising stock markets help, they only really help the top third of the population that benefits from exposure. So the average person is doing OK, but the median person is increasingly worse off. The bottom half of people have little to no impact on the wealth effect, but are hurt most from low rates in retirement. The safe bond part of your portfolio is broken, perhaps permanently impaired. You will need to learn to get creative to enhance your REAL return on your fixed-income.

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